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The Quiet Revolution ((フランス語:Révolution tranquille)) was a period of intense socio-political and socio-cultural change in the Canadian province of Quebec, characterized by the effective secularization of society, the creation of a welfare state (''état-providence''), and realignment of politics into federalist and sovereignist factions. The Quiet Revolution typically refers to the efforts made by the Liberal governments of Jean Lesage (elected in 1960) and Robert Bourassa (elected in 1970), though given the profound effect of the changes, most provincial governments since the early 1960s have maintained an orientation based on core concepts developed and implemented in that era. A primary change was an effort by the provincial government to take more direct control over the fields of health care and education, which had previously been in the hands of the Roman Catholic Church. It created ministries of Health and Education, expanded the public service, and made massive investments in the public education system and provincial infrastructure. The government further allowed unionization of the civil service. It took measures to increase Québécois control over the province's economy and nationalized electricity production and distribution and worked to establish the Canada/Quebec Pension Plan. The Quiet Revolution was a period of unbridled economic and social development in Quebec and Canada and paralleled similar developments in the West in general. It was a byproduct of Canada's 20-year post-war expansion and Quebec's position as the leading province for more than a century before and after Confederation. It witnessed particular changes to the built environment and social structures of Montreal, Quebec's leading city. The Quiet Revolution also extended beyond Quebec's borders by virtue of its influence on contemporary Canadian politics. During the same era of renewed Quebecois nationalism, French Canadians made great inroads into both the structure and direction of the federal government and national policy. Moreover, certain facets of the welfare state, as they developed in Quebec in the 1960s, became nationalized by virtue of Quebec's acceptance and promotion. This would include rural electrification and healthcare initiatives undertaken by Tommy Douglas in Saskatchewan twenty years earlier. == Origins == The Quiet Revolution began with the enacted Liberal provincial government of Jean Lesage, who was elected in the June 1960 provincial election, shortly after the death of Premier Maurice Duplessis, whose reign was known by some as the Grande Noirceur (Great Darkness), but viewed by conservatives as epitomizing a religiously and culturally pure Quebec. In many ways, Duplessis's death in 1959, quickly followed by the sudden death of his successor Paul Sauvé, triggered the Quiet Revolution. Campaigning under the slogans ''Il faut que ça change'' (Things have to change) and ''Maîtres chez nous'' (Masters of our own house), a phrase coined by ''Le Devoir'' editor Andre Laurendeau, the Liberal Party, with Jean Lesage at its head, was elected within a year of Duplessis's death. It is generally accepted that the revolution ended before the October Crisis of 1970, but Quebec's society has continued to change dramatically since then, notably with the rise of the sovereignty movement, evidenced by the election of the sovereignist Parti Québécois (first in 1976), the formation of a sovereignist political party representing Quebec on the federal level, the Bloc Québécois (formed in 1991),〔 as well as the 1980 and 1995 Sovereignty Referendums. Some scholars argue that the rise of the Quebec sovereignty movement during the 1970s is also part of this period.〔 Prior to the 1960s, the government of Quebec was controlled by conservative Maurice Duplessis, leader of the Union Nationale party. Not all the Catholic Church supported Duplessis, as some Catholic unions and members of the clergy including Montreal Archbishop Joseph Charbonneau criticized Duplessis, but the bulk of the small-town and rural clergy supported Duplessis. Some quoted the Union Nationale slogan ''Le ciel est bleu, l'enfer est rouge'' (The sky (Heaven) is blue, Hell is red) as a reference to the colours of the Union Nationale (blue) and the Liberals (red), the latter accused often of being pro-communist. Radio Canada, the newspaper ''Le Devoir'' and political journal ''Cité Libre'' were intellectual forums for critics of the Duplessis government.〔 Prior to the Quiet Revolution, the province's natural resources were mainly developed by foreign investors. As an example, the process of mining iron ore was developed by the US-based Iron Ore Company of Canada. In the Spring of 1949 a group of 5,000 asbestos miners went on strike for three months. The 1949 Asbestos Strike found Quebecer miners united against a nationalist foreign corporation. Those who supported the miners included Monsignor Charbonneau, Bishop of Montreal, the Québécois nationalist newspaper, ''Le Devoir'', and a small group of intellectual individuals.〔Cook. R (1986) ''Canada, Quebec and the uses of Nationalism'' Toronto: McLelland & Stewart Inc.〕 Until the second half of the 20th century, the majority of Francophone Quebec workers lived below the poverty line, and Francophones did not join the executive ranks of the businesses of their own province. Singer and political activist Felix Leclerc described this phenomenon, writing, "Our people are the waterboys of their own country." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Quiet Revolution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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